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384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. Explanation: President Lyndon Johnson utilized the Gulf of Tonkin occurrence to enlarge the war. President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. At the same time, two other South Vietnamese commando boats carried out a similar attack against Hon Ngu Island, more than 25 miles to the south.4. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 25. 132 (01 Dec 2005). CTG 72.1 041848ZAUG64. Fog_of_War_Questions_Llevel.pdf - Fog of War - Gulf of Tonkin by John Prados. The fictitious Gulf of Tonkin incident helped draw the United States deeper into the Vietnam War. Hey, did yall hear Thutmose the Great didnt actually damage Hapshetsups monuments? The North Vietnamese were oblivious to the confusion it would generate. the attack is a signal to us that the North Vietnamese have the will and determination to continue the war. History, 21.06.2019 19:50. External sources are not required for the short papers. Although the raid was successful (the oil depot was completely destroyed and 33 of 35 vessels were hit), two American aircraft were shot down; one pilot was killed and the second captured.20, On 7 August, Congress, with near unanimity, approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which President Johnson signed into law three days later. (APEX) Did the gulf of Tonkin incident happen? . And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved. Non-subscribers can read five free Naval History articles per month. On August 2nd, 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was supposedly conducting reconnaissance in the Gulf of Tonkin when fired upon by North Vietnamese forces in Swatow gunboats. There is no doubting that fact. In fact, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, as it became known, turned out to be a fictitious creation courtesy of the government to escalate war in Vietnam leading to the deaths of tens of thousands of U.S. troops and millions of Vietnamese, fomenting the largest anti-war movement in American history, and tarnishing . 1 What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? In the early hours of the next day, Maddox communication technicians intercepted SIGINT reports of North Vietnamese vessels getting under way, possibly intent on attacking the destroyer. The opinions expressed within the documents in both releases are those of the authors and individuals interviewed. Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. what was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? - Brainly.com What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and why was it important? The USS Maddox destroyer, which was the U.S. ship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, shown in the 1960s. The administration's zeal for aggressive action, motivated by President Johnson's election worries, created an atmosphere of recklessness and overenthusiasm in which it became easy to draw conclusions based on scanty evidence and to overlook normally prudent precautionary measures. B. C. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. Vietnam was 12 hours ahead of Washington time, so the "attacks" in the evening of 4 August in the Gulf of Tonkin were being monitored in Washington late that morning. Late that night, radar images on the C. Turner Joy indicated that they were being approached by speeding vessels. The National Security Agency originally claimed that another sea battle, the Second Gulf of Tonkin incident, occurred on August 4, 1964, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. We may never know the whole truth behind the Tonkin events and the motivations of those involved. By 0127 on 5 August, hours after the "attacks" had occurred, Herrick had queried his crew and reviewed the preceding hours' events. So the Gulf of Tonkin incident was staged claiming that . not to seek his party's nomination as the presidential candidate. Omissions? The attacks were unprovoked. Explanation: In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. 14. The targets were military or directly applicable to the North Vietnamese ability to wage war on South Vietnam. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. . . For more than 90 minutes, he made runs parallel to the ships' course and at low altitude (below 2,000 feet) looking for the enemy vessels. Especially during his tenure as commander, Westmoreland became the face of the United States in Vietnam. The Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Incident - odysee.com The US has form for this kind of "fabricated" naval incident (see 2 and 3 above) say theorists, referring back to the second Tonkin Gulf incident in which the US is alleged to have faked a naval clash with the North Vietnamese navy. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990, rev. Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 23. C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 19. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam 1. Ill give more brainly points, Which statement best illustrates how Elizabeth Van Lew was able to organize And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? The Maddox fired warning shots, but the torpedo boats continued and opened fire in return. 18. The following night, August 3 three more MACV-SOG vessels attacked targets on the mainland of North Vietnam. (18) These hangers, while not quite as cunning as plastic hangers, are perhaps the most treacherous because they don't even try to function as they are designed. A joint resolution of Congress dated August 7, 1964, gave the president authority to increase U.S. involvement in the war between North and South Vietnam and served as the legal basis for escalations in the Johnson and Nixon administrations that likely dwarfed what most Americans could have imagined in August 1964. Nearly 200 documents the National Security Agency (NSA) declassified and released in 2005 and 2006, however, have helped shed light on what transpired in the Gulf of Tonkin on 4 August. What really happened to the USS Maddox on that dark night in the Gulf of Tonkin? 21. August 5, 2014. And quite frankly, I follow that rule. chapter28done.docx - The American Yawp Chapter 28 - The The Southeast Asia Resolution, or Gulf of Tonkin Resolution as it became better known, was proposed on August 6 and passed unanimously by the House of Representatives on August 7 and 88-2 in the Senate. Aware of North Vietnamese intent from the earlier SIGINT message, Captain Herrick ordered gun crews to open fire if the fast-approaching trio closed to within 10,000 yards of the destroyer, and at about 1505 three 5-inch shots were fired across the bow of the closest boat. 10 Conspiracy Theories That Turned Out To Be True - Oddee Despite this type of loss throughout the war, the North Vietnamese continued to fight. Questions about the Gulf of Tonkin incidents have persisted for more than 40 years. In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered They were there as part of an effort to support South Vietnamese military raids on what was then the North Vietnamese coast. Furthermore, the evidence suggests a disturbing and deliberate attempt by Secretary of Defense McNamara to distort the evidence and mislead Congress. On 30 May 2006, NSA released the second and final installment of Gulf of Tonkin materials. No actual sightings by "Maddox". President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. What really happened in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964? | The World from PRX Though not manned by American sailors, four ships under the command of MACV-SOG attacked two islands in the Gulf, Hon Me, and Hon Ngu. Naval Academy. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. See all videos for this article Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. It was certainly convenient as a reason for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War. On 4 August 1964 two U.S. destroyers were again in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin. Subsequently, the White House carried the nation into the longest and one of the most costly conflicts in our nation's history. Initial successes, however, were limited; numerous South Vietnamese raiders were captured, and OPLAN 34A units suffered heavy casualties. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 134. Was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident true? adhereamorousdefinitivefluentaffinityanimositydegenerategregariousalliterationcohereelucidateinherentamateurconfineengenderliteraryamicablecongregationfinaleluminary. Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen 11. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred in August 1964. The Gulf Tonkin Incidents were the pretext for President Johnson to create and ultimately pass the Gulf Tonkin Resolution, which ultimately allowed the US to escalate the Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War) into a large-scale war. The papers, more than 140 of them classified top secret, include phone transcripts, oral-history interviews, signals intelligence (SIGINT) messages, and chronologies of the Tonkin events developed by Department of Defense and NSA officials. www.WhiteHouseTapes.org. . Ukraine: The Tunnel at the End of the Light A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. In August 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was stationed in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. The Maddox was in the Gulf of Tonkin to collect signals intelligence on North Vietnam. The Maddox nevertheless reported at 2040 that she was tracking unidentified vessels. The Maddox, on patrol in the area but probably unaware of the raids that had taken place, observed torpedo boats sent out in pursuit of the South Vietnamese vessels and thus withdrew, but it returned on August 1. On the night of August 4, both the Maddox and Turner Joy reported they were under attack. . The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a pair of alleged attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on two American destroyers in August of 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Mysteries of Tonkin Gulf | The American Legion Case Closed: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident - HistoryNet 4. Operations carried during peace-time by civilian organisation, as well as covert government agencies, may by extension be called false flag operations if they seek to hide the real organisation behind an operation. Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of Tonkin. On hearing of the authorization's passage by both houses of Congress, the delighted President remarked that the resolution "was like Grandma's nightshirt. Interpreting this as an act of North Vietnamese aggression, the US government responded by ordering greater military involvement in Vietnam. At all. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? 15. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The Incident that Never Actually - YouTube Crazy. . In my account of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? In Hawaii, Pacific Fleet Commander-in-Chief Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp was receiving Captain Herrick's reports by flash message traffic, not voice reports. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident - History Although the U.S. destroyers were operating more than 100 miles from the North Vietnamese coastline, the approaching vessels seemed to come at the ships from multiple directions, some from the northeast, others from the southwest. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) - YouTube McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ed. This led the North Vietnamese to increase their efforts in the south. . What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? 5051. B. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPTa. That report had been misinterpreted, however. August 4, 2015. As the battle continued, he realized the "attacks" were actually the results of "overeager sonar operators" and poor equipment performance. 4 What is the Gulf of Tonkin incident and why is it controversial? Please. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT a. Those communications most likely referred to operations to salvage the torpedo boat that had been damaged in the earlier firefight. Five nations with a multiparty system of government.conduct a brief search of secondary source to find a answer. COMUSMACV 291233ZJuly64. for Confede McNamara's intentional distortion of events prevented Congress from providing the civilian oversight of military matters so fundamental to the congressional charter. 2. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? A. It showed the What statement about the Gulf Tonkin incident is true? Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 46. "21, Navy Captain John J. Herrick (left), pictured with Maddox skipper Commander Herbert L. Ogier on board the destroyer, kept his superiors informed during the alleged battle with North Vietnamese PT boats on 4 August. In these shorter essays, you are expected to make a strong argument about a specific week's readings, and to support this argument with theoretical and empirical evidence. A plane piloted by Commander James Stockdale joined the action, flying at low altitude to see the enemy ships. Foreign Relations of the United States, 19641968, vol. Quoted in Robert Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 24 August 1964," Cryptological Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001, p. 6. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed for the president to send combat troops to Vietnam. In 1995 Vo Nguyen Giap, who had been North Vietnams military commander during the Vietnam War, acknowledged the August 2 attack on the Maddox but denied that the Vietnamese had launched another attack on August 4, as the Johnson administration had claimed at the time. Answers: 2 Show answers Another question on History. A second boat then launched two "fish" but was hit by gunfire from the destroyer. Pulitzer-prize winning journalist Seymour Hersh has shed more light on US-Norwegian military cooperation which started after the end of the Second World War, and evoked memories of the controversial Gulf of Tonkin incident that opened the door to the . Subscribe now and never hit a limit. Paragraph 14, 15 Richard Nixon, quoted in Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005 . Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, also called Tonkin Gulf Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. O A. land and freedom Gulf of Tonkin incident - Wikipedia What was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? ), pp. Edwin E. Mose, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. Johnson and McNamara recording, 03 August 1964 at 10:30 a.m., recording provided by the, Presidential Recordings Program, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. Gunfire and torpedoes were exchanged while F-8 fighters from USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) raced to the scene. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks. All of his policy decisions, foreign and domestic, were considered through the prism of the November vote. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. Requested by Johnson, the resolution authorized the chief executive to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. And six decades ago, so the histories of those years have it, a small group of Norwegian seamen were entangled in a presidential deceit that led to an earlyand bloodyturning point in the Vietnam war. Within time, the conflict in Vietnam would likely have occurred anyway, given the political and military events already in motion. Johnson did not want to anger American voters by putting US servicemen in harms way, but he was conscious of the fact that if he did nothing he would be labeled soft on Communism by his Republican opponents. . Earlier in 1963, the US-backed president of South Vietnam, Diem, and his brother were assassinated as well. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in 1964 that gave 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B Johnson, the authority to deploy military forces in Southeast Asia without formally declaring war. She participated extensively in the Vietnam War, and was one of the principal ships involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. In response, the North Vietnamese built up their naval presence around the offshore islands. . Naval Forces Southern Command in Mayport Florida. Quoted in Dale Andrade and Kenneth Conboy, "The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident," Naval History, 13:4, July/August 1999, pp. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken."13. The two lead boats maneuvered evasively but were nevertheless heavily damaged. Moreover, another intercepted report seemed to confirm that the attack had in fact taken place, and thus Herricks caution was not taken seriously. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as Nevertheless, when later queried by NSA headquarters, the destroyer indicated she had been unaware of the OPLAN raid on the island.5 That ignorance set the stage for a showdown between North Vietnamese forces and the U.S. Navy eavesdropping platform. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. Reports Cast Doubt on Alleged Second Attack Another problem: the second attack almost certainly never occurred. At 1440, the destroyer detected three North Vietnamese patrol boats approaching her position from the west. From two boats, South Vietnamese commandos fired machine guns and small cannon at the island's radar and military installations. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It's a very good rule."31. Besides the situation in Vietnam, Johnson was very concerned with the upcoming election of 1964. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Historical Series, version XVI, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 293. An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. Probably the best one LBJ ever came up with and certainly his most everlastingly devastating was, "We were attacked [in the Gulf of Tonkin]." In August of 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson needed a pretext to commit the American people to the expanding covert war in south East Asia. The Truth About Tonkin | Naval History Magazine - February 2008 Volume The August 4 incident never took place. "22, Almost 90 percent of the SIGINT intercepts that would have provided a conflicting account were kept out of the reports sent to the Pentagon and White House. Among the most revealing documents is a study of the Gulf of Tonkin incidents by NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Definition, Cause & Significance - HISTORY NSAPAC REP VIETNAM 200100ZAUG64. 16, No. By the night of August 4, the U.S. military had intercepted North Vietnamese communications that led officials to believe that a North Vietnamese attack on its destroyers was being planned. Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. He was the second-longest POW in American history, the longest also during the Vietnam conflict.