Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Feeling tired. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Add a comment. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). How the brain's internal states affect decision-making Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. 23. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. They were ALL my fault. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. . Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. Has something like this ever happened to you? Loss of appetite. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Sore throat. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Confusion. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Homeostasisis the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). The heart rate slows . That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. . One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Our sleep-wake cycle, which is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle, is perhaps the most obvious example of a circadian rhythm, but we also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. 1. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. How does hypnosis work? Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. c. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. High doses of MDMA can cause brain toxicity and death. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. . Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). C) the severity and duration of the problem. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). 3. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Beyond being awake or asleep, there are many other states of consciousness people experience. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Thirst. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking.